I started to write a reply to
Tamanou's comment below, but it grew and grew, so better to post it here:
He asked:
"... what can be done to make it less unpleasant for young women to report these atrocities, to provide a more supportive environment for those who have been violated like this, and to make it more likely that bastards like these will be caught?"
What a question! Where to start?
Firstly, similarly to how the Government has invested millions in making sure that there is a
national 24 hour domestic violence helpline (0808 2000 247, by the way), we need to make sure that there's a national rape crisis helpline. At the moment, there's a patchwork of local provision with massively unstable funding run by dedicated volunteers who are really prone to burnout after a few years. Many areas have local lines, but London Rape Crisis closed in 2001 after they lost all their funding, and in
2003 the national Rape Crisis Federation folded after the Home Office withdrew their financial support. Even where there are existing lines, they often open for very short periods only - a few hours on specified nights a week, which, given the nature of the issue, isn't ideal. I'm not underestimating the enormous dedication and commitment of the volunteers - I know I couldn't do their job - but I think it's time for a more national response, an always-on resource, ready to give information and provide a listening ear immediately.
Secondly, the first point of contact with the police needs to be improved. I'd use the model of the Sexual Abuse Referral Centre - SARC, which is a building furnished like a house with medical suite and examination rooms, and specially-trained officers ready to take statements from women and others who have experienced rape or sexual abuse. There are a handful (just 13) in the UK at the moment, but only a very few women live near enough one for it to be their first point of contact.
Thirdly, we need a recognition that the woman who has been raped is more than just a witness to a crime, which is often how she is treated. Whilst a defendant will (rightly) be prepared for court by his lawyer, the woman will often have little support or prewarning about what the experience will be like, how the court process works or when things happen. This is getting better - there are some great pilots around, and Victim Support have some great schemes to support women, but again, it's a patchwork.
Fourth, we need specialist prosecutors who understand rape cases and are prepared to go the extra mile and understand the detail of forensic evidence. Specialist rape prosecutors have overseen a huge rise in the conviction rate in the US.
Fifth, judges must stop allowing defendants' lawyers to bring up a woman's past sexual history or allow defendants to cross-examine rape survivors. This was supposed to have been outlawed a few years ago, but lawyers are still getting away with playing on the prejudices of juries, the resentment of judges for a prohibition of what they see as relevant lines of enquiry and the lack of expertise of non-specialist prosecutors.
Sixth, women who have been raped need to have access to counselling and support, on the NHS or otherwise free of charge, straightaway and for the long term. This is where rape crisis centres come into their own - for woman-centred formal and informal emotional support. Their families may also need some help, particularly the partners of women who have been raped, who often end up absorbing the misery as they try to support their loved one.
But all of this is a sticking plaster compared to the enormous changes we need to make to people's attitudes about rape, to stop it in the first place. Think of all the ways in which accepted thinking about rape, women and sexual activity disadvantages her and makes the attack possible, legitimising it in the mind of what is probably a very outwardly-normal young man:
- Firstly, she's lucky that anyone believed her, as she'd been having underage sex, making her a slapper at risk of teenage pregnancy and him a wide boy, doing well for getting his end away so young; already her status is lower than his.
- She broke up with him, and then insulted him, diminishing him in the eyes of his peers; many would find his reaction understandable, even if they didn't condone it, because rape is about asserting power, not about sex.
- They'd already been having sex for a period of time, so even though she had broken up with him and even though she didn't want it, many might think that it didn't make much difference, once more didn't matter.
- She was 15, out on her own; it might be argued that she shouldn't have been.
- Having sex with a woman while one's mates look on has been popularised by "roasting" sessions involving footballers and female fans, whether they consent or not, and where there have been allegations of abuse, no-one has been prosecuted; again, this normalises the situation in a society obsessed with celebrity, and makes it clear that rape is a low-risk activity.
- The popularisation of "date rape" as opposed to normal rape also sends this message that the act isn't really rape, and the media furore about the naming of men accused of rape sends the message that many women make up accusations of rape, thus making it less likely that she will be believed, causing her to exercise self-censorship and not report, and thus diminishing the possibility of negative consequences for him.
- Even were he to end up in trouble, he could rely on at least some of the police, the CPS, the judge, the jury and the lawyers holding attitudes that disadvantage her and privilege that nice young man, coached and scrubbed up well, in the interview room or (unlikely, but it does happen) in the dock.
- No doubt, many members of his community and perhaps his own parents would consider the incident a "youthful indiscretion", which shouldn't derail his prospects of university and a happy life.
- And if he cared to look at the record of reporting and prosecuting rape, he comes to the conclusion that society doesn't consider it important enough a crime to put resources into combatting.
So it's all stacked against her from the start.
So how do we tackle this? I wish there were a neat answer, something tick-box that we could do, a one-hour year nine lesson we could send our young men to that would weed out the possibility that one day they might rape their girlfriend. There isn't. It's the same hard old slog, instilling respect for women in our young men, making it clear that just because you can, doesn't mean that you should. I'm not convinced that pornography per se has anything to do with it; I think it's more to do with a culture of disrespect for women's autonomy, embodied across our society - the slapper culture, the idea that my mum and my sister are special, but all other women are just up for it and fair game. Maybe it's the final frontier for feminism - we've shown that we can do men's jobs and earn our own money, make political decisions and lead the country, but as of yet we haven't found a way to prevent men showing their power over our bodies through rape.
I have a hunch that intensive developmental group work with young men, giving them a space to talk, building their confidence, self esteem, and the ability to sustain healthy relationships, might be worth a try. There's
some great work out there for perpetrators of domestic violence that is successful in changing their behaviour, and some of that might be adapted to a universal programme with young men, maybe.
In the meantime, what to do? How effective can a parent or a teacher or a youth worker be against the arrayed forces of the mainstream media, newspapers, men's magazines and street culture? We need a national campaign challenging accepted views about what constitutes "rape"; it is a disgrace that there is no national campaigning voice on rape. The
Truth about Rape show us what needs to be done, but on an immense scale - every bus stop, every local radio station, every doctor's surgery, every school, every pub, every betting shop, every young man.